It has been a record year for North Korea’s nuclear ambitions. The secretive nation tested its fifth nuclear device last month, the second test this year and the largest so far. Remote monitoring put the underground explosion at 10 to 15 kilotons, about the size of the Hiroshima bomb. Days later, it conducted its biggest-ever test of a long-range rocket booster.

“The threat has now reached a dimension altogether different from what has transpired until now,” Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe told the UN after the nuclear test. “We must thwart North Korea’s plans.”

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