Carl Sagan once asked this question, “What does it mean for a civilization to be a million years old? We have had radio telescopes and spaceships for a few decades; our technical civilization is a few hundred years old… an advanced civilization millions of years old is as much beyond us as we are beyond a bush baby or a macaque.” Now imagine if you will a truly advanced civilizations – sheer speculation, of course, but how would the laws of quantum field theory, general relativity, thermodynamics, etc. be fairly well-established, physics apply to these civilizations? This is no longer just an idle question and we may soon have the existential shock as Kepler and others find planets with habitable zones and hundreds of earth-sized planets, which are almost identical twins of our celestial homeland. Are there really hundreds of earth-like planets out there? It seems so….

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