Wormholes are incredibly fascinating objects, but also completely hypothetical. We simply don't know if they can truly exist in our universe. But new theoretical insights are showing how we may be able to detect a wormhole—from a spray of high-energy particles emitted at the moment of its formation.
It's easy to describe a wormhole. It's a tunnel through space that connects to distant points in a (hopefully) shorter path. In other words, it's the ultimate shortcut in nature. And while this kind of setup is easy enough to write out in the equations of general relativity (our current ultimate understanding of gravity and how we've revealed the possible existence of wormholes), it's a lot harder to make it work.
Over the decades, scientists have come up with a bunch of possible ways to construct actual wormholes. But every time they do, some quirk of poorly understood physics comes in to ruin the party. For example, wormholes are fantastically unstable—as soon as even a single photon travels down the throat, the entire wormhole rips itself apart at the speed of light, making it less than useful for shortcut purposes.
To stabilize a wormhole, you ultimately need a source of negative mass—matter that has negative weight. That doesn't seem to be possible, so theorists have been kind of stuck.
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