Graphene has been the focus of intense research in both academic and industrial settings due to its unique electrical conduction properties. As the thinnest material known to man, graphene is essentially two-dimensional and has distinct electronic and photonic properties from conventional 3D materials. Researchers at Purdue University (Todd Van Mechelen, Wenbo Sun and Zubin Jacob) have shown that graphene's viscous fluid (colliding electrons in solids can behave like fluids) support unidirectional electromagnetic waves on the edge. These "edge waves" are linked to a new topological phase of matter and symbolize a phase transition in the material, not unlike the transition from solid to liquid.
A remarkable feature of this new phase of graphene is that light travels in one direction along the edge of the material and is robust to disorder, imperfections anddeformation. Purdue researchers have harnessed this nonreciprocal effect to develop "topological circulators"—one-way routers of signals, the smallest in the world—that could be a breakthrough for on-chip, all-optical processing
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