The horde of nanobots in best-selling novelist Michael Crichton's "Prey" is slowly becoming a reality. It exhibited primitive intelligence in its actions, learning, changing, and interacting with itself to become more powerful.

A new theory developed by a group of researchers at Penn State and motivated by Crichton's book explains how complex structures with signal-processing capabilities emerge in biological or technological systems, enabling the systems to respond to stimuli and carry out useful tasks without external guidance.

The recent publication of the study can be found in Nature Communications.

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