The use of artificial intelligence to write scientific papers could be much more prevalent than was previously thought. That’s the upshot of a study that estimates that almost nine out of ten papers published in December 2025 in a major biomedical-article database showed signs of AI-assisted writing.
The study, which was posted on the arXiv preprint site on 12 August1 and has not yet been peer reviewed, puts the rate of usage of AI large language models (LLMs) at 77% for papers archived in the PubMed Central repository and published in the whole of 2025, and 52% for those published in 2024, suggesting LLM use is on the rise. (The study included only papers written in English).
These figures are substantially higher than previous estimates of LLM use in the scientific literature. A 2025 paper authored by some of the same researchers that analysed abstracts of papers in PubMed, rather than the full text, puts the figure at at least 13.5% for 20242. Meanwhile, a 2026 study that looked at papers across academic disciplines estimated that 57% of 2025 papers were probably AI-influenced3.
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