As early as 2003, when he became NASA’s chief historian, Dr. Steven Dick was punching holes in fellow astronomers’ efforts to contact ET through radio technology. Writing for the International Journal of Astrobiology that year, he warned that SETI searches were failing to make allowances for any “cultural evolution” that could be shaping off-world societies, which “may have resulted in a postbiological universe in which machines are the predominant intelligence.”
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